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The Property of Life Jean-Paul Gaudillière
(Abstract) In the past ten years, the transformation of both the life sciences, and their links to medical innovation and economic development have become the object of numerous comments; often building on the notion of a radical departure from the recent past, i.e. from the biomedical model of the cold war era. Social scientists have been part of this, stressing the impact of molecular technologies, the changing patterns of appropriation, the mounting importance of health-related risks, or the role of patients and consumers. One common thread in these discussions has been the idea of a “commodification” of life. The paper will offer a critical approach of this perspective based on historical studies of the ways in which medical goods - therapeutic agents in particular - have been invented, appropriated, and regulated in the 20th century. The argument will be presented in three steps. First, I will briefly describe the “molecularization” of the gene, recalling the major steps that made the appropriation of genetic sequences legitimate, the consequences of this change on medical practice, and the way STS analysts have approached them. Second, I will propose a historical detour, discussing the changing uses and changing appropriation of life via two examples: a) the industrialization of medicinal plants in 1930s Germany; and b) the changes that made drug patentable in continental Europe after World War II. Third, I will come back to the specificity of the present, focusing on the tensions originating in the search for - as well as the production of - pharmaceuticals in the “South”.
Bibliography
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